The dangers of mental manipulation

The dangers of mental manipulation

Stéphane LAURENS

Proselytizing (win followers, convert)

or auto-conversion (keep his followers)

(by maintaining their faith)?

"There is talk of influence when a person or a group acting in secret way on".

another person or another group. He attributed the characters of the strangeness

because she barged into another type of communication that we

regulars, one where the intentionality plays the largest role. But this is an error

optical. The influence continues, since we transmit and receive without

discontinuity the signs of our impressions and our conditions, since we

participate actively and passively in every moment to the relational network that we

individualizes. "(Roustang, 1990, p.75)

Starting from the idea that sectarian groups poses a threat to public order and

they may exercise a harmful influence on individuals, various commissions

Inquiry on sects were heard in recent years (following the Vivien report)

on sects, two reports were presented: a report on sects in France and a

(on sects and money). Finally, a section of the Criminal Code to a tort of

mental manipulation was considered by the National Assembly.

The section entitled " mental manipulation ", includes a section

(Article 225-16-4) that "defines the scope and nature of this new offence,".

to be performed in a group pursuing activities aimed at or for

effect of "create or operate the people physical or psychological dependence"

"participating in these activities". The mental manipulation is to "carry on"

of them serious and repeated pressure or to use specific techniques

alter his judgment to the lead, against his will or not [as for the crime of]

[hazing referred to in article 225-16-1 of the penal code], to an act or forbearance that he

"is seriously prejudicial". "" (Report submitted to the National Assembly on 20 June)

2000; (for a discussion of the concept of mental manipulation, cf. Salavastru, 2002)

If this article was finally rejected, the debates by a definition of influence

sects and mind games are particularly rich and diverse:

so next to the reflection on a definition of what is a sect, on dangers

that it represents, how it bio, there also analyses on the

The dangers of mental manipulation

religious freedom, on the nature and the importance of the influence in any

education on the nature of consciousness, on the relationship between influence, socialization and

alienation of the individu… and this debate involves both lawyers, religious, and

policies, philosophers, and psychiatres…

Affecting directly a central theme of social psychology, relationships

social influence, it seems appropriate to inform by a fairly original view

This debate with regard to a central aspect: the relationship between the source and target

in a relationship of influence.

The influence that scary

Social influence or the influence inter-individual fascinates and startling. Its rich

iconography (archival footage of charismatic leaders fascinating crowds; images)

of owned, Sleepwalkers, or hypnotisés obeyed without reservation to which the

(guide…), the terrible facts various attributed to him (suicide collectives, crimes)

(rituels…) and of disturbing scientific studies (work on hypnosis, studies)

(experimental on the conformity and submission to the autorité…) We say

the existence of an almost irresistible force and that could push us to do or to

think of the things that we would not, a force which could we

lead to our loss.

There is, with the influence, the idea of an intrusion, real rape of consciousness, of the

desire…the which seems to take under control or the will of another. This is

more me who wants to or that is, it is the will of another which came to me and it is a

Another is through me (sense of possession).

These feelings of rights-of-way, these delusions of influence still very long-lived (see Janet, 1929)

(1937) were exacerbated in their psychological, social, religious aspects and

legal in the phenomena of possessions which marked the Europe of XVII(e) century and

who are today established scenes in an impressive amount of films

and television series. It was with great fashion of sleepwalking can

that of hypnosis.

The power of influence: the case of hypnosis

The discovery of hypnosis and its use in a relationship

therapeutic, quickly overwhelmed the medical community for invading the sphere of the

philosophy, sociology, of law… It is thus that Tarde (1890) thanks to this

famous formula social human is a hypnotized became the basis of relations

social [1] that the school of Nancy argued that under hypnosis, crimes could be

suggested and implemented; that scholarly societies wanted to restrict the practice of

hypnosis to physicians only both the dangers were great to leave if powerful

instrument in the hands of anyone.

Thus, on behalf of ethics, morality and science, in the first Congress

International of hypnotism in Paris (1889), was voted a resolution asking that

only physicians make use of magnetism or hypnosis (Cf. Méheust, 1999, p.)

The dangers of mental manipulation

524-532). These powerful instruments were to be reserved to good use and it

should therefore ban to those who could do the misuse

(magnetisers without training in medicine, all magnetisers).

The rationale of this desire to ban based on the idea that by using

technique (here the hypnosis) is obtained from the effects of influence very powerful and that

to control these effects, should control the source (here the hypnotist) its morality, its

intentions… It is therefore distinguished social classes by their training

(e.g. medical studies), their supposed morality (Hippocratic oath by ex.)…

and, on this basis, to give them certain prerogatives (here the right to practice)

(hypnosis). The debate as it was recently brought to the National Assembly about the

crime of mental manipulation takes exactly this idea (Pech, Lurhuma, 2002;)

Villate, Scholiers, Freixa i Baqué, 2003).

This logically led to assume that the target of influence (the possession, the)

sleepwalking, the hypnotized, the manipulé…) is a passive receptacle of influence, it

is fully submitted and that it may not oppose the source resistance

influence. The fact is, for example, diving in the hypnotic state is dependent on

not of it, of his desire, his desire…the but the desire and the will exclusively of

the other associated with a technique that allows the implementation of its desire and its

desire.

Today, this excitement about hypnosis has disappeared and there is nothing in the field

social not replaced so that it may be that we are out of these

old beliefs which had affected our ancestors.

However, this idea of a powerful influence of a rape of consciences, a

external orientation of our desires, our saving handling is always

well presented in each of us. Advertising guide our purchases, journalists

guide our opinions and we demonstrate a reality falsified that we made

accepted, the political and the religious we duperaient… and of course, to

the extreme of very bad sectarian movements down their bad ideas

in the good spirits of our small children. In doing so, they will seize them, thanks to

techniques of manipulation, washing cerveaux…

Therefore, we should be wary of the influence of the other, which by far, insidiously, perhaps wants

to take us as once the devil had poor folles.

It is ultimately always the same pattern that is. On the one hand the Devil (the evil), the

sect, the gourou… and the other naive human prey innocent (one that ignores the)

(evil, which is pure and without malice). The first are narcissistic, they want to meet

their desires and voluntarily use the necessary means for the satisfaction. Of

the other the naive man, the reckless quidam, walk in life like the small

Red Riding Hood in the wood.

Of course, the problem being thus, each will take the measure of the risk that

short the second (the innocent without malice) falling into the clutches of the first (the)

malicious, the malignant). It is easy prey as soon as it becomes a part of the desire of

The dangers of mental manipulation

the other, as soon as the other malicious casts his vest on him.

This scheme, both simple and fantastic, has the quality to form a frame

commune, a global pattern common to both the tale of the little Red Riding Hood and in the

stories of possessions; It is unfortunately now taken particularly seriously in

respect to the influence of sects as it once was with the phenomena of

possession and hypnosis.

How to protect the influence?

If one accepts this schema, it becomes now necessary to unmask these

dangerous sources of influence (the Devils or modern malignant) and find a

means of protection. As Pech and Lurhuma argue (2002), it will therefore

have to distinguish the legitimate influences of dark influence trafficking, will take

sort of good and bad sources of influence, to allow the good and

prohibit bad.

This approach is not only difficult but it is also particularly

dangerous, and probably much more than the danger that it proposes to combat.

Ask us how, once social protections have been developed

against the formidable if hypnosis; Find processes which have allowed our ancestors

to combat this overkill technique to not be reduced today to

State of turbulent puppet in the hands of malicious modern hypnotiseurs.

What disappointment!

There is nothing to protect themselves, no moral condoms to the influence of the other.

But then how we could get out us of these if powerful claws?

The answer is simple and it has already been given by Malebranche in the 17TH(e) century at

words of the phenomena of possession and witchcraft: there was claws that for

those who fear them or imagine, not for the others: "in places where it".

burning the witches, found a large number, because, in places where on the

condemns the firearms, truly believed that they are, and this belief fortified by

the speech is in. That one stops punish and we treat them as the

crazy; and you will see that with time they will be more wizards (…) by punishing

either all these criminals, common persuasion is fortified, the witches by

imagination multiply (...). It is therefore with good reason that several parliaments do

point punishing wizards; It is much less in the land of their

spring "". (Malebranche, 1674, book second, last chapter, p. 207-208).

For hypnosis - this so powerful technique used by Broca for operations

surgery without anesthesia, used by Janet and Bernheim to remove some

paralysies…, this irresistible instrument - as to possession, it is

While the response of an individual at the request of another and, in this response and this

asks, what is decisive, is the willingness, acceptance, the désir… both

the hypnotist and the hypnotized.

The dangers of mental manipulation

From this point of view, Bernheim is exemplary: with the school of Nancy and

like many others, he argued that man was hypnotisable and that

hypnosis was a particular State during which suggestions were all

powerful, irresistible (Bernheim, 1884). Conversely, twenty years later, he considered

that hypnosis was not a State promoting the suggestions, but on the contrary, the

suggestion, this phenomenon that he considered as natural and normal social life,

could produce the hypnotic state, with its various characteristics: " there is not."

of hypnotism, there is that of the suggestion; that is, there is not a special State,

artificial, abnormal or hysterical that can characterize hypnosis; There is only a

phenomena of enhanced suggestion that can be produced in sleep, natural or

caused. (…) [hypnotism] itself is a phenomenon of suggestion that

may or may not result as the other suggested actions, but it is not necessary for

obtain other phenomena. "(Bernheim, 1911, p. 16).

Thus, the strange, fascinating and overkill hypnosis was reduced to a mere artifact

a normal, natural, necessary phenomenon. The balloon is deflated. The exceptional was

the daily.

See if our Dragon today (mind-control, washing cerveaux…)

are very different from these monsters now outdated and almost forgotten.

The solution advocated by Malebranche is to make a mockery of those who believe in this

powerful invasion and see everywhere.

Just try us for the moment to argue, to re-establish today in

Social Psychology the path previously borrowed by Bernheim and Delboeuf [2] .

Failures of proselytism

These caricatured the influence and extreme forms have given way to forms

influence, more discrete, simple who are admitted, sometimes taught and

regularly used in the sale, the management, the séduction… (Joule, Beauvois)

1998).

Behind these new forms sweetened influence there are always the same

schema and the same desire: a desire to go master by his own

influence all protecting its influence. The subtitle of the book Influence of

Robert Cialdini (1987) illustrates this ambition: be one that persuades.

Don't be that it manipulates.

So, what were once made with hypnosis or submission to the authority is

today with engagement or dissonance phenomena: like

Cialdini, experts try to "pin" of small phenomena

experimental for the alpha and the Omega of social relations.

This extrapolation of experimental results is common, it allows

show the scope of the research and find fields of applications.

Unfortunately, in this case, there is also a very important danger: that of giving a

scientific caution to those who believe in the possibility of a powerful influence of

The dangers of mental manipulation

sects or those who want to take action against these threatening influences (enact laws,)

(ban of associations).

Indeed, if scientific work supported the idea that through the use of some

psychological techniques, can, at will, guide the attitudes of an individual, it is

logic to think that with these techniques, malicious groups could

have an influence [3] . As the regularly denounced the press, where the

more serious they may push people to abandon their families, to give their

property to the sect, to commit crimes that are ordered them (give a)

Education perverted to their children; engage in practices sexual déviantes…), is

Let dying unnecessarily or even to commit suicide.

Seen, the effects are not tenuous!

How can all this be? We run any danger?

The mechanisms of cognitive dissonance in a sect

One of the best-known sectarian phenomena in psychology research

Social is the famous study by Festinger, Riecken, and Schachter (1956) to

a group apocalyptic and prophetic words together on Mrs. Kee.

Mrs. Kee had announced the end of the world and a group of believers was preparing, with it,

in this event. Of course, the end of the world did not come at the time. One of

main predictions of Mrs. Kee was therefore belied by the facts and every believer was

witness to this obvious failure.

Gold, Festinger et al. (1956) observed that the gathered believers around Mrs Kee does

not left the sect after the false prediction of their guru. Quite the contrary,

their belief was reinforced. These individuals were more welded, more radical and more

engaged in their shared belief that they were before the failure of the prophecy.

Number of experiments on the dissonance show these effects. But what effects

is it just? Can we explain here that a sect can recruit new

Members?

This analysis of field driven by Festinger et al. (1956) does not show the effectiveness

the dissonance in an approach of proselytizing. On the contrary, as and extent

that sectarian group is engaged in its original path, is cut from others, it

away from the rest of the world.

Schematically, Festinger et al. study (1956) shows the creation of a

small isolated group whose members reveal be more engaged, more

closer to each other, but less and less numerous and more

from the other. In this case, the dissonance is thus the deviation more

of a few individuals of less numerous over time.

We also note that this works if and only if there is first an acceptance. It

must be in advance that the individual has joined Mrs. Kee to pray with her until the

end of the world. If this first condition is met, then the bad prophecies of

The dangers of mental manipulation

Mrs. Kee could eventually strengthen the beliefs of these individuals already

convinced. But, alas for proselytizing, each bad new prophecy

will make this more ridiculous and more isolated sect for the whole of the rest of society,

that is for all those who are not convinced before bad prophecy.

It is therefore a double effect observed: the erroneous prophecies make more

more satisfied those who are already, but they make even more skeptical those

which are not.

The facts as reported by Festinger et al. (1956) are ultimately quite

currents in regards to the life of the sects. For example, for the elections

Legislative Japanese of February 1990, the guru of the sect Aum had predicted its

electoral victory. Of course, he failed as all other members of this

sect is being presented. This failure was as a first consequence of lowering the

number of new recruits (mail international N ° 523, November 9, 2000, p.)

(55) However, it can be assumed that, as in the cases studied by Festinger et al.

(1956), already involved in the sect followers have seen increased fervour.

However, shortly after this failure, the guru made a new prophecy: a comet

would collide with the Earth and the Japan would be totally destroyed. It brought together

his followers on an island to escape the disaster and organized seminars on its

prophecies. With the succession of false prophecies, it is quite clear the

logic made by the sect: she is cutting those that are not included, lost without

doubt some of its members, but radicalised those who remain loyal to him. It is

a logic of differentiation from others and withdrawal-withdrawal

It is the closing, the closure to an extrémisation and a radicalization of

Group.

There are two interesting aspects: on the one hand committed believers are increasingly

engaged, increasingly caught in this closed universe, but on the other hand, there is less in

less than faithful. This process, while dazzling, actually marks the end of the insertion

social of the sect and therefore the end of his influence on the individuals who are

step to this sect. The logic of the dissonance leads in this case only to survival

lapse of a small group désolidarisant the rest of society.

The use of the techniques of engagement

Yet, what is probably the most feared sects, it is their potential proselytising,

the risk that they recruit new followers. As seen, it is not with the

mechanism of cognitive dissonance as he was apprehended by Festinger et al.

(1956) that this is possible.

There are however other techniques than members of sects use (or can)

(use) on external individuals to their community. In doing so, directing a

action, a technique to the outside, it might actually fear their

proselytism.

When the first groups of followers of Krishna quests in the streets of

that, U.S. cities, they got very little gifts. Their skulls shaved, their long

The dangers of mental manipulation

dresses, their strange danses… gave rise to distrust and people avoided. It is

While they resorted to the techniques of engagement: the followers of Krishna.

rather than seek a donation, began to give themselves something to the

people that they crossed, a book, a fleur…, saying them that it was a

gift. In doing so, they voluntarily placed it in a position of debtor, this

required (for reasons of reciprocity of trade) to make something in

the gift exchange (Cialdini, 1987, pp. 29-30).

These small techniques of engagement through which an individual can be manipulated

have often been described as social psychology very effective (Cialdini, 1987). It

first of all is a kind of boot to artificially create one relationship to another

(for example, give him a flower, a book…; asking an information…;)

require of him something considérable…). Then, on the basis of the beginning of

relationship, the manipulator directs the response of the subject while still leaving to the latter

the impression that he is in total freedom: If the manipulator gave him a book, it may

offer in exchange for the given book that the subject make a donation (against don in this)

(case); If the manipulator asked him something substantial, it can then

reduce its requirements, giving the impression of a step, to make the concessions.

This can bring the subject to do the same and to accept him as a step in

accepting a weaker demand.

Overall, these techniques are based on reciprocity (Cialdini, 1987) and on y

is the logical Exchange or donation once analyzed by Mauss (1923).

It should be noted here for Mauss (1923, p. 199), the gift is not an artifact, but a

necessary condition of social functioning. On the one hand, exchange link more or

less durably of the clans, tribes or families: instead of is between tear.

to decimate each other, they exchange, bind between them. On the other hand, the gift has

an economic function: it allows credit, it is much more developed than barter

that requires the immediate and simultaneous property exchange. The gift allows the

time between the time when giving and or it makes. In some cases, this time

is a condition of survival of the groups. This is what describes the fiction of

Montesquieu on wicked Troglodytes who refused the gift and Exchange, not

survive (Montesquieu, Persian letters, letter XI.) (Usbek to Mirza in Isfahan).

But, let's assume that this is normal and necessary in the primitive can be perverted

and have serious consequences today. What is the danger? The real danger is

It is not the isolated use of one of these techniques. For in the examples

given by Cialdini (1987), the use of these function is to not to recruit

but new members collect donations for the sect.

The danger would come to use these techniques chain. Each Act

of commitment would produce small effects, but, as we know, this is by adding

modest small stones to each other that can build cathedrals. It is thus

that is probably born the idea of a cascade of commitments: individuals accepting

first something very small, then an average, then a somewhat more grande…

until accept.

The dangers of mental manipulation

Technique is simple, the puppeteer asks more and more, and more the individual has

granted, it will be ready to be congruent with what he has already

granted. It's apparently unstoppable!

See the long term what happens in reality. Barker (1983) studied the effectiveness

techniques used by the moonies in the long term.

Members of the sect asked at random individuals first and

meetings, if they would visit their site.

Individuals who accept (1er engaging Act), and who have visit it (2ith Act)

(engaging), the members of the sect then propose to participate in a seminar of

two days. Those who come (3sth engaging Act) at this seminar are offered

a new one-week seminar (4sth engaging Act)... and then a seminar of 21

days (nth engaging Act), then an application for membership of the sect (the purpose of the series)

(of engaging acts!).

This scheme is that of the cascade of commitments, commitments are

largest and at the end, there is accession.

Here are the results regarding the effectiveness of this cascade of commitments:

100%

85%

30%

25%

18%

15%

13%

10%

7%

5%

4%

Four people out of 100 who agreed to visit the site and which are presented in

This visit are still present 4 years later. Therefore, it is not very effective.

But this figure is still far too important. We must indeed ask with

How many of the members of the sect have been discuss for 1017 people

eventually come to visit the site. Perhaps 10,000?

In light of these figures one might ask what is the point of use of this

technique. Indeed, if the benefit in terms of recruitment is very small, the mass of

work applied to the members of the sect is considerable: contact thousands

individuals, discuss with each of them, ask them to visit a site, to participate in

The dangers of mental manipulation

seminars, to become a member, to organize these séminaires…

It is obviously difficult to calculate a cost/benefit ratio, but if the only benefit

is in the recruitment of new members, it is trivial.

On the other hand, if we look at the use of this technique from the perspective of the dissonance

such that analyzed it Festinger et al. (1956), is another answer: by this

heavy work, the members of the sect would be more confident and more in

more engaged in their belief. They would be even more and more to every time

that they would fail to convince someone (Beauvois, Ghiglione and Joulé, 1976).

Thus, failures of the cascade of commitments to recruit new members

would members already convinced to remain, clinging to their sect and to

their belief.

The famous experiment on the dissonance by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) or

those carried out by a Nuttin (1972) on the role playing, do not show something else: a

individual pay to support a position opposite to his own to convince another

individual has, after this exercise, changed opinion closer to the view that on him

was asked to support (see also Janis, Mann, 1965 and Mann, Janis, 1968).

Finally, there is a morality in these stories of manipulators and manipulated. It is

well known: such is believed to take. Or, to adapt this maxim to our

case: those who want to convince others eventually convince themselves.

The auto-conversion

The influence: a symmetric process

Fundamentally these techniques of commitments are based on a series of asymmetries

relating to the situation, actors, intentions, to the saving (Cialdini, 1987, p.)

35).

In the case of commitment technique used by the followers of Krishna, is the

disciple and his only intent, an objective, it is alone that decides to address

such person, it is he alone who decides to give him something, it is alone that

proposes that the person can go to échange…

In fact, here the social interaction takes place in a framework given in advance and following a

scenario prepared by the manipulator. Manipulative individuals are described as

is J.R. Ewing in Dallas famous series: life is like a chess game where all

is calculated, his psychology is a calculator rationality where the realization of the interests

personal is the only motivation.

It is in a situation where, as described Moscovici on models

functionalists influence, social systems and the environment, are " data."

predetermined for the individual or group. They provide to each, before

social interaction, role, status and psychological resources "" (Moscovici,)

1979, p. 12).

These roles and these articles are in the situation of application of a technique

The dangers of mental manipulation

commitment, clearly distributed before the interaction. They opposed a source and a

target, the target being the passive receptacle of the influence of the source, which control

everything.

This pattern of social relations and human that is implemented in the technical

commitment is a problem as to its validity, as its quality to account

the reality of social relationships: is this a case in particular, abnormal.

strange, extraordinary social functioning or is it a case normal, common,

fundamental social relationships?

A simple extrapolation of this social report asymmetrical and dualistic human (of a)

on the side of the manipulators, those who have an intent, objectives, a desire…the and

the other the manipulated, passive men own will, "unmanned" by their

(manipulator) inevitably leads to the description of a tyrannical society

(Roustang, 1990, p. 152-153) as is the primitive horde described by Freud (1921).

The tyrannical companies exist and sectarian groups are often of

striking examples. Therefore, this pattern of asymmetric social relations has a framework

validity (a durable framework since some companies of this form are sometimes)

(particularly resistant), but outside this framework, it describes only situations

exceptional and transitory. Open, democratic societies are not based

on one such schema. This is how Moscovici (1979), in opposition to the model

fonctionnaliste of influence, will propose a model, the genetic model, in which the

influence relationship is fundamentally symmetric.

Ultimately, the crux of the theoretical problem here lies in

the interaction in the position of influence. What happens at this time is the point

in view of the influence? Is there anything other than the application of the will of the source,

that influence from the source to the target?

Indeed, if at the time of the situation to influence the effects are on the target, the

report of influence is thus fundamentally asymmetrical. If, on the contrary it

found the effects on the source, the report influence is fundamentally

symmetric.

The mystifié spoofer or influenced compère

It is by showing that a source may be influenced by a target or be influenced

by itself when it attempts to influence a target than the genetic model

the influence would be his best argument against the functionalist model. Indeed,.

to rebut the functionalist model, the genetic model previously relied on

a series of experiments and analyses of historical or sociological facts

showing that a minority could have an influence. However, this model assumes

also that the influence is something symmetric and he rejects dualism

source/target. However, in experiments so far, nothing is prove these

important assumptions.

From an experimental point of view, few studies are interested in this phenomenon of the

source influenced or manipulated Manipulator.

The dangers of mental manipulation

A compère is used often in the experimental studies on social influence

by the experimenter. At the request of the experimenter, the Sidekick must assert

such position, should give such answer, should adopt such attitude… And in this case, this

which is most often studied, are the effects that this compère on subjects

naive to which it is confronted. It is considered as the source of influence (the issuer)

and the naive subject is the target of influence (the receiver).

Yet, when we asked these accomplices, one can sometimes surprised. The case most

wonder is probably one of these friends that to give an answer to false in the

application for the experimenter to influence a naive subject, eventually be influenced

by this response that they knew however that it was false. [4]

These friends were generally paid for days during, meet "green".

When the experimenter had an objectively blue slide on a screen. They

mission was to influence naive subjects placed on their side of a time

experience. These friends knew that the projected slide was blue and, in addition, they

familiar experiments on the influence of minorities since they were

recruited students in DEA thesis at the EHESS where they swimming with

others who were their doctoral thesis on these phenomena.

However, what we learn these accomplices, it is that after a while, they eventually

see the slide of the color which they were responsible for the designate subjects

naive: at the beginning they saw blue, but then, they ended up using the Green!

A recent experimental study using this paradigm and to measure the

perceptual changes in the shows friends, indeed they are well influenced

by the position that they are trying to disseminate (Laurens and Moscovici, 2004).

We take here the extent of the power of this mechanism of auto-conversion since here

changes occur in the area of the perceptual and not only of

opinions and more affects subjects who know with certainty that the slide

is blue and not green.

Such influence and auto-influence effects require therefore to reject the model of

dualistic and asymmetric social relations proposed by proponents of the manipulation

mental.

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191-196.

Alaphilippe (Daniel), 1990 - cognitive strategy and persuasion, The year

Psychological, 90, 231-245.

Barker (Eileen), 1984 - The making of a Moonie: Choice or Brainweshing, Oxford.

Basil Blackweell.

Beauvois (Jean-Léon), Ghiglione (Rodolphe), Joulé (Robert), 1976 - some limits

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convenient reinterpretation of the effects of dissonance, Bulletin of psychology, 29,

323, 758-765.

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The dangers of mental manipulation

crime of mental manipulation. History of distorted debate. Psychology books

policy, 3, 1-20.

[1] The expression used by delay is that look " social as a human."

"true sleepwalker". But in reissues of his book the laws of imitation,

Tarde will add this note about the sleepwalking. "This outdated expression".

shows that at the time where I first published this passage, the word

hypnotism was not substituted for that of somnambulism. "" (Tarde, 1890,)

(note 3, p. 82)

[2] Thus, at the height of hypnosis, some philosophers such as Joseph

Delboeuf, rejected this asymmetric design of the hypnotic report and opposed

Therefore, this willingness to appropriation by some of the practice of hypnosis. The point

criticism of Delboeuf starting is the following: the power of hypnotic report

is not in the hypnotist, but in the hypnotized. By reversing the determinants of

explanation of the hypnotic report, Delboeuf shows on the one hand the complexity of a

phenomenon which does not easily to reduce and shows at the same time as

the dominant explanation to the prohibition of the use of hypnosis by the

physicians not a of other bases than on the notion ideology influence. The

dualism hypnotist / hypnotized, this model of the social report is found in the will

some reserve the use of hypnosis to only doctors saying so of

new dualities: scientist/layperson, morale/amoral… (cf the debate between Delboeuf 1889 and)

Ladame 1889 and the analysis of Duyckærts, 1992, about the position of

(Delboeuf). On the basis of this conception of the hypnotic report, it arrives, by

extrapolation of this dualistic report, to a conception of social relationships and to

the assertion of a mode of Government: the tyranny.

[3] However, as it is noted in the report submitted by Ms. MEP Catherine

Picard in the National Assembly on 20 June 2000, the problem is even more serious than

« the instruments available to the manipulators are today without common

as with those of the past decades "". This idea is central in the argument

advanced by the UNADFI (National Union of associations for the defence of families and)

(individuals). Yet, on the face of this analysis of the sectarian phenomenon (see the)

Phenomenon sectarian: www.unadfi.org/sectes/manipulation.htm), it must admit

that nothing more, nothing specific, than what is usually used

in groups or non-sectarian societies. It is mainly for this reason

that most of the religious groups are opposed to this Bill, as

tightening (cf. )www.MPE-POC.org/loiantisecte.htm ;

www.cfjd.org/cupboard/analyses/dossier_sectes_1.htm).

[4] Note also that Alaphilippe (1986, 1990) in an experiment on

the estimate of the number of these points on a Board also showed that the

The dangers of mental manipulation

Compère was influenced by the false answer to the experimenter, and that it

should give to the naive subject. For after Alaphilippe (1990), it is as if the

Compère being influenced by the experimenter influenced the naive subject which, by its

answers influenced through the compère, came in turn influence the

Compère.

The dangers of mental manipulation